Total cholesterol levels and other lipids are associated with violence in psychiatric patients. There is a paucity of studies on preventive interventions. In this study, an integrated multimodal lifestyle intervention (MLifeI) for management of repetitive violence in schizophrenia is proposed. A controlled clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of MLifeI on management of repetitive violence through regulation of serum lipids, TC in particular, to the recommended levels in schizophrenia. The investigators examined whether the MLifeI could: 1. regulate or balance lipid profiles; 2. reduce violence risk; 3. improve impulsivity; and 4. improve general cognitive functioning.
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Inclusion Criteria: * Clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia for more than 2 years * Psychiatrically hospitalized * Repetitive violence within one year * Ambulatory * Having basic literacy * More than 20 years old * Less than 65 years old Exclusion Criteria: * Clinical psychiatric diagnosis other than schizophrenia * Physical co-morbidity or life-threatening illnesses that may impact on lipid homeostasis * dietary restrictions for physical condition * pregnancy * reported disabilities * impairments or health illness/problems that significantly limited their ability to perform the intervention such as severe arthritis, uncorrected visual or hearing impairments, developmental disability, or signs of intellectual disability.